State of Emergency: Democracy and Digital Transformation in Times of War
Overview
Democracy in times of war presents a complex dynamic, as the fundamental principles of democratic governance often come into tension with the realities of national security. This is further complicated by the way different societies view democracy – it is a term that draws on ideas of freedom, conflict, peace and expansion, with sufficient abstraction that it could become everything to all people.
A key aspect of democracy in wartime is the balance between civil liberties and national security. Democracies typically prioritize individual freedoms, such as freedom of speech, assembly, and privacy. However, during times of war, governments may understandably impose restrictions on these liberties in the name of national security. This in turn leads to debates about the appropriate proportionality and the enactment of laws such as the USA PATRIOT Act following the 9/11 attacks.
In practical terms there is much to consider, and Britain during the Second World War, obtained legal permission to postpone elections. The historical case chimes with the current delay to Ukrainian elections. But who could blame the head of state during times of war, when doing so could be construed as a lack of patriotism and even sabotage in extreme cases? In the Ukrainian context there is also a need to provide for the people while at war, and Deputy Minister Kostiantyn Koshelenko’s book Management in Times of War shares the experiences of how social systems were maintained during a full-scale invasion.
Democratic decision-making processes can be both a strength and a weakness in wartime, although often requiring deliberation, consensus-building, and transparency. These can, at times be a challenge, but they also serve to prevent abuses of power by the executive. In contrast, autocratic regimes may exploit the exigencies of war to gain strategic advantage, maintain grip on power and suppress dissent, leading to a further erosion of democratic norms. How should democracies respond?
Whereas wars and democracy have a long history dating back to the times of the Ancient Greeks, modern conflicts continue the long narrative of societal, and cultural clashes. During or after wars, UN peacekeeping is sometimes viewed as a tool for the democratization of conflict areas. While democratization is not the primary mandate of UN peacekeeping, peacekeeping missions can play a crucial role in supporting and facilitating a return to democracy. UN peacekeeping missions often support electoral processes, including voter registration, election monitoring, and voter education campaigns. But this is not often straightforward as war time measures are oftentimes left in statute books unrepealed.
The interplay between national security and civil liberties demands nuanced understanding and careful exploration. The conference aims to foster critical dialogue on how democracies can adapt and respond to the pressures of conflict while safeguarding individual freedoms. In a world increasingly shaped by wars and
threats of wars, the goal of this conference is to develop actionable strategies that can help democracies not only endure but thrive.
Themes
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1. How can democracies maintain the delicate balance between ensuring national security and preserving civil liberties during times of war?
2. What lessons can be learned from historical examples, such as the implementation of the USA PATRIOT Act or Britain’s wartime measures, in terms of managing this balance?
3. What are the implications of surveillance measures on privacy and individual freedoms in democratic societies in times of war?
4. How can transparency and public oversight of wartime measures be ensured to prevent abuses of power?
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1. How can digital tools bolster democratic resilience and facilitate inclusive governance during war?
2. How can technology sustain or enhance transparency, accountability and civic engagement during war?
3. In what ways can international cooperation be enhanced to combat transnational cyber threats targeted?
4. How do foreign propaganda campaigns affect public opinion and support for war efforts, and how can they be contained?
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1. How can democratic institutions effectively counteract disinformation campaigns without infringing on freedom of speech and press?
2. What strategies can media organizations adopt to maintain public trust and ensure the dissemination of accurate information in the face of coordinated disinformation efforts?
3. How does disinformation impact public perception and policy decisions in wartime and what measures can be taken to safeguard the integrity of democratic decision and policy making?
4. In times of war, how can factual media be fair, equitable and responsible in its role as watch dog against the excesses of democratic governments without being seen as ‘unpatriotic’?
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1. What lessons from UN peacekeeping operations can inform multi-stakeholder engagement in the reconciliation of communities and the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of fighters after war?
2. What roles can international organizations play in supporting the orderly return of displaced persons in post-conflict situations?
3. What roles can various stakeholders (e.g., governments, civil society, technology companies, academia) play in defending against digital threats to democracy, and how can collaboration between these stakeholders be fostered?
4. What are the most effective strategies for building resilient democratic cultures and institutions that can withstand the strain that war inevitably places on democratic societies?
Conference format & key activities
- Keynote Speeches
Renowned experts will provide insightful overviews of the current landscape and future prospects. - Panel Discussions
Diverse panels comprising scholars, practitioners, and policymakers will debate and discuss the various dimensions of digital transformation in conflict and post-conflict settings. - Networking Sessions
Structured networking opportunities to facilitate connections between participants and foster collaborations that extend beyond the conference.
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Professor Kostiantyn Koshelenko is Ukraine’s Deputy of Social Policy for Digital Transformation and author of "Management in Times of War."
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Professor Todor Tagarev is Head of the Center for Security and Defense Management, Institute of ICT, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Professor Tagarev has held several senior positions in Bulgaria’s Ministry of Defense, including two terms as Defense Minister – June 2023 - April 2024 and March – May 2013.
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Professor Phillips Payson O’Brien, a professor of strategic studies at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. He is the author of How the War Was Won: Air-Sea Power and Allied Victory in World War II.
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Michael Weiss is an internationally renowned investigative journalist who has covered the wars in Syria and Ukraine and published widely on Russian espionage and disinformation. His first book, ISIS: Inside the Army of Terror, was a New York Times Best Seller and named one of the Top Ten Books on Terrorism by the Wall Street Journal.
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Professor Bryan Watters, is a a professor of Defense Leadership at Cranfield University, UK. Prior to joining Cranfield, Bryan had a successful career in the British Army. He was Director of Military Studies (Colonel Training) at The Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, a member of the Directing Staff at the Joint Services Command and Staff College (Advanced Command and Staff Course), Founding Director of the Ministry of Defense Strategic Leadership Program and Vice President of the Army Officer Selection Board.
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Professor Peter De Clercq is former Deputy Special Representative for the United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM), where he served as United Nations Resident Coordinator, Humanitarian Coordinator and United Nations Development Program (UNDP) Resident Representative.
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Dr. Antonio Garcia is a former blue helmet and Research Fellow at Stellenbosch University.
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Professor Nicolas Tenzar is Non-resident Senior Fellow at the Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA) and Chairman of the Center for Studies and Research on Political Decision (CERAP). Professor Tenzar is currently a guest professor at Paris School of International Affairs (PSIA, Sciences-Po), ENA Paris, and France’s Institute for Advanced Studies on National Defense.
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Dr. Schatz is the Executive Director of the Partnership for Peace Consortium (PfPC) of Defense Academies and Security Studies Institutes - an international security cooperation organization of over 800 defense academies and security studies institutes across 60 countries, based at the George C. Marshall Center. She was previously the Director of the Advanced Distributed Learning (ADL) Initiative, a government program for research, development, and policy stewardship of learning technologies.
